Section 4. C : Join the follwoing sentences to make one complete sentence without using 'and' ;but' or 'so'.

Practice 1
1) Complete your homework. You can go out to play.
2) Thomas may not attend the birthday party. He is unwell.
3) The player was crying in pain. The coach did not pay attention to it.
4) Sheela has only one penny with her. She gave it to the old beggar woman.
5) Nitya will not pay. She has to be compelled.
6) Ashok did not succeed. It was unfortunate.
7) Joe has many problems. He has to attend them.
8) Jestina helped him with money. This proved her love for him.
9) Do not borrow. Do not lend.
10) The little boy was stubborn. He was punished.
11) She will break down. That is certain.
12) I can read French. Mrs Sindu taught me to do so.
13) They were old. They cannot run.
14) You'll get crushed. Get away.
15) Hurry up. You will be late.
16) Don't eat too much. You will be ill.

THE PARTICIPLES

The form of verb used as an Adjective is called the Participle.

A rolling stone gathers no moss. (Present Participle)

We had a drink of the sparkling water. (Present Participle)

He carried a worried look. (Past Participle)

His tattered coat needs mending. (Past Participle)

• The Present Participle is active in meaning. It is base of the verb + ing.

roll +ing - rolling

sparkle + ing - sparkling

• The Past Participle is Passive in meaning. It is the third form (past participle form) of the verb.

worry - worried

tatter - tattered

Present Participle	Past Participle
a rolling stone- a stone which rolls a leaking pipe-a pipe which leaks a crying child- a child who cries	a spent swimmer = a swimmer who is tired out a burnt child = a child who is burnt a painted doll =a doll which is painted

Exercise 1 Pick out the participle in each of the following. Say whether it is a Present

or a Past Participle.

1. The play was boring.
2. The audience was bored.
3. The work was tiring.
4. The workers soon became tired.
5. The scene was horrifying.
6. The spectators were horrified.

PARTICIPIAL PHRASE

A phrase that does the work of a participle (i.e. a Verbal Adjective) is called the Participle Phrase.

Hearing the noise, the boy woke up.

Accompanied by her mother, she entered.

PARTICIPIAL ADJECTIVE

When a participle is used as a qualifying Adjective before a Noun, it is called a

Participial Adjective, e.g.:

a) A burnt child dreads the fire.

b) Barking dogs seldom bite.

Exercise 2 Pick out the Participial phrases in the following sentences.

1. Being dissatisfied, he resigned his job.

2. Aroused by the crash, he leapt to his feet.

3. Lessons learned easily are soon forgotten.

4. Books read in childhood seem like old friends.

5. Seeing the sunshine, I threw open the window.

6. A man carrying a large parcel got out of the bus.

7. The enemy, beaten at every point, fled from the field.

8. Loudly knocking at the gate, he demanded admission.

USES OF PARTICIPLES

When used in a sentence,

a) Present Participle expresses an incomplete action in the present or past Tense, e.g.;

(i) We find the postman delivering the dak.

(ii) We found the postman delivering the dak.

Note:

(i) The action of delivering the dak is/was incomplete.

(ii) The present Participle expresses not time but only incomplete action.

(iii) The Finite Verb “find/found” in the above sentences expresses time.

c) Past Participle expresses a finished action or the state in which a person/thing is, e.g.:

(i) Welcomed by all, the hero entered the town.

(ii) Covered with flowers, the tree looked captivating.

Note: When used as an adjective, the past participle always takes a passive form of construction.

d) Perfect Participle expresses the completion of an action in the past time, e.g.:

(i) Having learnt our lesson, we left for home.

(ii) Having looted the shopkeepers, the robbers scampered away.

Idioms (1)

1. An apple of discord: Cause of contention or quarrel

2. An apple of one’s eye: Very dear

3. Apple pie order: Neat and clean

4. A bed of roses: A very comfortable and pleasant condition

5. A bird of passage: A person who travels widely

6. A black sheep: An evil person

7. A bull in a china shop: An unnecessary person or evil

8. A cock and a bull story: A false story

9. A chicken hearted fellow: A cowardly person

10. A close fisted man: Miser

11. A broken reed: A weak point or support

12. Crocodile tears: False tears

13. A Herculean task: A hard or difficult task

14. A laughing stock: A funny person

15. A red letter day: A very important day.

16. A man of straw: An unimportant person

17. A nine days wonder: Short lived or a temporary thing

18. Alpha and omega: The beginning and the end

19. A snake in the grass: A hidden enemy

20. Birds of the same feather: Persons of identical taste and liking.

21. A bolt from the blue: An unexpected misfortune.

22. A cat and a dog life: A quarrelsome life

23. A man of word: A person who fulfills his promise.

24. A Jack pf all trades: A person who knows everything but not

an expert in anything

25. A man of spirits: A brave person

Reading comprehension & Summary

Read the passage in the insert and then answer all the questions which follow below. You are recommended to answer them in the order set. Mistakes in punctuation, spelling and grammar may be penalised in any part of the paper.

From Paragraph 1:

1. (a) Explain the meaning of the term ‘black sheep’. [1]

(b) Why was it difficult to refuse Tom a loan? [1]

(c) ‘He made a steady income from his friends’ (line 11)

(i) Explain the phrase ‘steady income’. [1]

(ii) What two qualities helped him to do this? [1]

From paragraph 2:

2. (a) How did Tom obtain money to buy luxuries? [1]

(b) Tom did not waste his charm on George. In you own words, explain why. [2]

(c) What did Tom do with the money George gave him? [1]

From paragraph 3:

3 (a) 'he washed his hands of him' (line 19)

Explain the meaning of this statement [1]

(b) Explain clearly how Tom blackmailed George. [2]

From paragraph 4:

4. (a) ‘The man, Cronshow, was vindictive’ (line 28)

(i) What action of Cronshaw shows his vindictiveness? [1]

(b) Why was George in a rage? [2]

From paragraph 5:

5 (a) Quote the sentence from this paragraph which summarizes the kind of life

George led. [1]

(b) Why was George glad to be growing old? [2]

From paragraph 7:

6 (a) What did Tom inherit? [1]

(b) 'I tell you, it's not fair.' (Line 62)

Explain why George said this. [2]

From the passage as a whole:

7 Choose FIVE of the following words. For each of them, give one word or short

phrase (of not more than seven words) which has the same meaning as the word has

in the passage. [5]

a) profoundly (line 8) (e) assuredly (line 27)

b) unscrupulous (line 10) (f) rage (line 31)

c) luxuries (line 13) (g) evidently (line 47)

d) qualm (line 19) (h) thrift (line 51)

The passage tells the story of Tom Ramsey, whose irresponsible behaviour made him a burden to his brother, George. 1. I suppose every family has a black sheep. Tom had been a sore trial to his for twenty years. He had begun life decently enough: he went into business, married and had two children. The Ramseys were perfectly respectable people and there was every reason to suppose that Tom Ramsey would have a useful and honourable career. But one day, without warning, he announced that he didn't like work and that he wasn't suited for marriage. He wanted to enjoy himself. He would not listen to reason. He left his wife and his office. He had a little money and he spent two years in wild living in Europe. Rumours of his actions reached his relations and they were profoundly shocked. They shook their heads and asked what would happen when his money was spent. They soon found out: he borrowed. He was charming and unscrupulous. I have never met anyone to whom it was more difficult to refuse a loan. He made a steady income from his friends and he made friends easily. 2. But he always said that the money you spent on necessities was boring; the money that was amusing to spend, was the money you spent on luxuries. For this he depended on his brother George. He did not waste his charm on him. George was a serious man and insensible to such enticements. George was respectable. Once or twice he was taken in by Tom's promises to change and gave him considerable sums of money that he might make a fresh start. With these sums, Tom bought an expensive car and some very nice jewellery. 3. But when circumstances forced George to realise that his brother would never settle down, he washed his hands of him. Tom, without a qualm, began to blackmail him. It was not very nice for a respectable lawyer to find his brother employed as waiter in his favourite restaurant or to see him in the driver's seat of the taxi outside his club. Tom said that to work as a waiter or drive a taxi were perfectly decent occupations, but if George could oblige him with a couple of hundred pounds, he didn't mind for the honour of the family, giving it up. George paid. 4. Once Tom nearly went to prison. George was terribly upset. Tom had gone too far. Up to then he had been wild, thoughtless and selfish, but he had never before done anything illegal; now if he were prosecuted, he would assuredly be convicted. You cannot allow your only brother to go to jail. The man Tom had cheated, a man called Cronshaw, was vindictive. He was determined to take the matter to court; he said Tom was a scoundrel and should be punished. It cost George an infinite amount of trouble and five hundred pounds to settle the affair. I have never seen him in such a rage as when he heard that Tom and Cronshaw had gone off together to Monte Carlo, the moment they cashed the cheque. They spent a happy month there. 5. Poor George, though he was only forty-seven, only a year older than his brother, looked sixty. He had never taken more than a fortnight's holiday a year for a quarter of a century. He was in his office every day at nine-thirty and did not leave it till six. He had a good wife, to whom he had never been unfaithful and four daughters to whom he was the best of fathers. He made a point of saving a third of his income and his plan was to retire at fifty-five to a little house in the country where he proposed to cultivate his garden and play golf. His life was blameless. He was glad that he was growing old too. He rubbed his hands and said: 'It was all very well when Tom was young and good-looking, but he's only a year' younger than I am. In four years he'll be fifty. He won't find life so easy then. I shall have thirty thousand pounds by the time I'm fifty. For twenty-five years I've said that Tom would end in the gutter. And we should see how he likes that. We shall see if it really pays to work or be idle.' 6. Poor George! I sympathised with him. I wondered now as I sat with him what infamous thing Tom had done. George was evidently very upset. 'Do you know what happened just now?' he asked me. I was prepared for the worst. I wondered if Tom had got into the hands of the police at last. George could hardly bring himself to speak. 'You're not going to deny that all my life I've been hard-working, decent, respectable and straightforward. After a life of industry and thrift I can look forward to retiring on a small income in giltedged securities. I've always done my duty in life.' 'True.' 'And you can't deny that Tom has been an idle, worthless, dissolute and dishonourable rogue. If there were any justice he'd be in the workhouse.' 'True.' George grew red in the face. 7. 'A few weeks ago he became engaged to a woman old enough to be his mother. And now she's died and left him everything she had. Half a million pounds, a yacht, a house in London and a house in the country.’ George Ramsey beat his clenched fist on the table. 'It's not fair, I tell you, it's not fair.' I could not help it. I burst into a shout of laughter as I looked at George's wrathful face, I rolled in my chair, I very nearly fell on the floor. George never forgave me. Adapted from The Ant and the Grasshopper by W. Somerset Maugham

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